The Disarming Power of Words

We TiVo’d the last debate, and watched it again just now. Others have summarized it much more pithily, or eviscerated the candidates with more gusto, but I’d like to offer a small observation, a small suggestion in hind-sight that perhaps would have moved some voters from column A to column B.

When discussing a Constitutional right to privacy, Senator Obama ranked it with the First Amendment, and then groped for some other Very Important Right to use as a second example. The transcript doesn’t show the hesitation between “than” and “many.”

And I think that the Constitution has a right to privacy in it that shouldn’t be subject to state referendum, any more than our First Amendment rights are subject to state referendum, any more than many of the other rights that we have should be subject to popular vote.

At that point, right there, Obama should have said “the Second Amendment.”

Bedfellows

Politics makes for strange bedfellows, they say, and the Republican primary in New York’s 99th assembly district is a case in point. The incumbent, Greg Ball, pissed off nearly everybody in Albany, infuriated the Putnam County executive (a Republican), and generally showed no willingness to go along to get along. He was challenged for the Republican nomination by the former mayor of Brewster, John Degnan, who had been endorsed by the Putnam Republican and Democratic committees.

Mr. Degnan lost. He’s running on the Democratic line in the general election.

Four Years Too Many of College

Is a four-year college degree excessive for most? Charles Murray, writing at Cato Unbound, thinks a bachelor’s degree is unnecessary for most professions, has little bearing on success in a field, and suspects that college attendance rates are artificially high.

Cato has structured the Cato Unbound journal as a series of dialogues. The response from Pedro Carneiro contains this interesting chart from “Human Capital Policy”, in Inequality in America: What Role For Human Capital Policies (MIT, 2005).

This leads one to wonder what factors cause the flat trend lines in the graph since approximately 1950. A very brief glance at related papers and the related books (as judged by Amazon) seems to presuppose that equality of outcome is desirable, so research focuses on identifying the differences in inputs which determine those outcomes, and suggests methods to alter the inputs so as to alter the outcomes. Heckman and Carneiro suggest that the differences in outcome are the result of very early differences in cognitive and non-cognitive skills of individuals from different backgrounds. Some of these differences are likely environmental; others, I would suspect, innate.

While there may be strong correlation between success in school and success in life, I do not think it wise to confuse success in school with success in life. Further, one would not want to confuse success in a career with success in life. High school and college are preparatory, in a sense, but they are not a requisite for success. In some careers, certain degrees are used officially to restrict entry to those careers, and have little actual bearing on the ability of the individual to succeed at the tasks required in that career. In others, the degree is simply unrelated to the career. The work performed in determining what causes failure in school and later careers is important, but a desired outcome of 100% high school graduation and college attendance is not. Schooling is a means to an end, and not the end itself. One way we might enhance the prospects of those who are not attending college, or not completing high school, would be by removing artificial barriers to entry to productive careers. Otherwise we are only attempting to achieve what Lake Wobegon has: everyone above average.

A second response from Bryan Caplan, who needs a shave as desperately as I do, raises an important point about the text of Mr. Murray’s essay.

So far, Murray and I are on the same page. But when he tries to explain how useless studies translate into big bucks, his story gets fuzzy. On the one hand, he tells us that “The BA really does confer a wage premium on its average recipient, but there is no good reason that it should.” On the other hand, he insists that “Employers are not stupid.” How can both be true?

Maybe some employers are stupid.

[Employers] have a strong incentive to see through academic hype. When firms overpay the overeducated — or needlessly “stigmatize” applicants without a BA — the market charges them for their mistake.

If they are in a competitive market. For example, a certain large corporation with which I am familiar has a tendency to assign relatively menial tasks to college graduates. These tasks could be completed by anyone with the ability to read and follow instructions. What appears to happen after years of this is that the skills to complete the nominal job for which the individual is paid are either undeveloped or atrophy, as they are no longer required, making the formerly highly educated and experienced employee unfit for anything other than making doughnuts.

Mr. Caplan suggests that Mr. Murray would have been better off remarking that the bachelor’s degree is a signal, and that this signal is flawed. But employers find it works. He suggests that government cease subsidies for higher education, thus increasing the value of a college degree and providing incentives for employers to find other ways of determining whether a potential employee is desirable. Meanwhile, I’m of the opinion that a high school diploma would work sufficiently well as a signal if its value were not diluted by compulsory attendance.

Mr. Murray concludes,

Everyone in every occupation starts as an apprentice. Those who are good enough become journeymen. The best become master craftsmen. This is as true of history professors and business executives as of chefs and welders.

But We Have to do Something!

There is a propensity for politicians, and in truth all of us, to act hastily when the times call rather for patience and calm.

Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY), in discussing the Senate’s approval of a bill permitting the Treasury to buy worthless mortgage-backed securities, remarked, “It’s better than doing nothing.”

Not if “nothing” is the right thing to do.

Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY), on the same subject, said, “What we are doing here in an intangible way is restoring trust and confidence.”

Perhaps the tangible way the Senate could have helped would have been to stop panicking, and instead to exercise some restraint. Because, from my perspective, an industry that is still trying to sell the same kinds of products that got them into this mess deserves nothing but contempt.

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Perceptions

The newspaper says there’s a problem, but is there really?

via Tom Palmer, David Cay Johnston wonders the same thing. In a letter to his fellow journalists, he writes,

In covering the proposed $700 billion bailout of Wall Street don’t repeat the failed lapdog practices that so damaged our reputations in the rush to war in Iraq and the adoption of the Patriot Act. Don’t assume that Congress must act instantly, as so many news stories state as if it was an immutable fact. Don’t assume there is a case just because officials say there is.

Angling for Satisfaction

The
excerpts from, and an interview with the author of, Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency are disturbing, and reinforce what we already suspected.

In what I hope is not a quixotic exercise, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has brought suit, Jewel v. National Security Agency, et al.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a lawsuit against the National Security Agency (NSA) and other government agencies today [September 18, 2008] on behalf of AT&T customers to stop the illegal, unconstitutional, and ongoing dragnet surveillance of their communications and communications records. The five individual plaintiffs are also suing President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, Cheney’s chief of staff David Addington, former Attorney General and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and other individuals who ordered or participated in the warrantless domestic surveillance.

Depression

(some observations, which I’ll hopefully clean up and form into a coherent post)

Some say the financial crisis is a market failure, fixable by regulation; others, that it’s a regulatory failure, fixable by the market. In any case, someone took a risk, and lost. Once bitten, twice shy? Not if the losers don’t feel their losses. Again, their risk is passed on to me. Why should I accept that when I do not profit from it?

It’s very difficult for politicians to do nothing and let the disease run its course. So they give Typhoid Fannie drugs which cover up the symptoms, and allow her to infect the rest of the population, when quarantine or execution would be better for the public health.

At times like these, you would think that the politicians, of all stripes, would also stop planning to spend more on entitlement programs whose costs can’t be controlled. But it’s very difficult for a politician to get elected without promising the voters 40 acres and a mule (and his friends, perks). And there will be no cost at all to this. We can do it all without raising taxes. We can lower taxes without cutting services. And who will pay for this, I ask?

Our mortgage is half of my net pay. Our other expenses consume the remainder. Because I’m paid twice a month, and bills come due throughout the month, we bridge the gap with credit. This works as long as our expenditures on credit do not exceed my earnings. Others do the same, but on a larger scale.

If they do, then we take funds from our savings; we borrow against our future. I think the questions we all need to ask ourselves now are these: Are my sources of credit sufficiently diverse? Is there such a thing as sufficiently diverse in the current circumstances? Assuming that I remain employed, can we live on cash?

For what it’s worth, historical data maintained by the FDIC shows that during the Great Contraction, many fewer banks failed than did during the Savings and Loan Debacle of the 1980s. I’m sure that’s reassuring.

http://www2.fdic.gov/hsob/SelectRpt.asp?EntryTyp=30

When Pigs Fly

I tend to agree with Greg Mankiw — more generally with Arthur Pigou — on his recommendation to increase certain taxes in order to cover the external costs that those products feed. However, there’s a flawed assumption in the analysis. Mr. Mankiw states,

[Pigovian taxes] raise revenue that the government can use to reduce other taxes, such as income taxes, which distort incentives and cause deadweight losses.

And then later,

The economists in the Treasury department are fully capable of designing a package of tax hikes and tax cuts that together internalize externalities and leave the overall distribution of the tax burden approximately unchanged.

I’m certain they are, too. Unfortunately, I’m also certain that the practical experience of government shows that taxes tend to go up, and that a new stream of revenue rarely leads to reductions in other taxes. Instead, it leads to the government spending, or redistributing if you prefer, the additional revenue.

So while I would prefer increased gasoline taxes and lowered income taxes, the chances of such are approximately equal to the likelihood of a snowball’s survival in Hell.

Or as Mr. Mankiw puts it,

I am eager for this tax only if the revenue is to be used to reduce other taxes, either contemporaneously or in the future.

Greetings, Sports Fans!

Watching the Presidential caucus race is, for me at least, akin to watching baseball. It helps to look at it as a team sport, with a rivalry as deep-seated as that between the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox. There are fans of both teams who will never, under any circumstances, consider rooting for the other, and for reasons just as logical: They are, after all, the Red Sox.

So while some of the events of this week in politics, as in every week, are just plain dumb, they do serve to get the fans riled up.

Navel Gazing

For one of her classes last year, D. wrote a paper which analyzes an effect of the self-absorption of the media, in response to one of the unfounded assertions in the class’s text, that the rise of the Internet and “thousands” of cable channels had fragmented society. She asked, “Do Our Unlimited Choices Limit Our Shared Experiences?” Her expectation was that the text would be correct. It wasn’t. We’ve been led to believe that everybody watched the popular shows, and really only a small fraction of the population did.

I find this topic fascinating, and eagerly assisted with research and editing. My experience of “pop culture” was somewhat isolated, by choice and by my parents, so I felt out of place in the Big World at college. I wonder how many people there were familiar with all of the things they’d said they were, and how many were poseurs.

(Meanwhile, I’m seriously considering stopping our DirecTV subscription and removing the television, but do not yet have the support of other members of the household. Maybe we can compromise and keep Netflix.)

The Circus Subsidy

Ancient Rome gave away bread. We give away television.

  • % of television-watching population which receives their television signal over-the-air, and will be affected by this cutover: 16.2
  • % of population which receives their signal from cable, and thus unaffected: 57
  • % of population which receives their signal from satellite, and thus unaffected: 23.8
  • % of population which doesn’t own a television, and really couldn’t care less: 3
  • Fraction of population wondering why he’s paying for a converter box for someone who doesn’t want to buy a new television: 1/305,108,936